A Union organizing drive and strikes that occurred in 2010 (With special reference to Myanmar & Thailand)

Panyacekka,

Assumption University,

                                                                          Bangkok.                                                                               

December, 30, 2011

Introduction

             The Systematic organization impacts to the Human Society to develop their union and institutions.  That is why, there is a great deal of needs of all human beings nowadays -the fully human right which is only one thing by which they can go to a legislated and developed country. 

             The Human Right is represented for those who want to live very peaceful and righteous life with not harmed and not harming other ones and it is inherent on democratic organization or institution, which always stands by the sense of knowing their own right and responsibility for others. At present day, what the people search in variety of circumstance of today-world is systematic and democratic organization in order to draw their destiny by themselves and give full service for others in need. The very big numbers of countries in the world have almost practices democracy and drive the democratic organization with best wish of their people whereas some countries still denying to accept the policy of democracy such as – Myanmar, Libya and so on.

              2010 was a memorial year not only for the Myanmar but also the Thais because in 2009, in Myanmar the Juntas announced the people to hold the fair and free election for Democracy with aim of giving up Military ruling and in 2010 the Juntas held the election in nationwide with fifty two parties either fair or not and in Thailand, there was a huge violence exploring between the government and Red-Shirt won- protesters. Whatever violence happens in the world, most are breaking out against the Human Right or opposed to the people’s wish. The great competition between those who do not want to give the Right to the people and those who ask for their Right causes the violence breaking out if opposed to each other.

                 Driving of the most vital role of country in Burma

             The national dream hoped by the entire people of Myanmar for about 20 years might be said to be alive in 2010 but no one could not dare to say they achieved great opportunities to dream it freely and deeply because union transformation scheme had been under the shadow of regime unacceptable. However, the

            Anyway, to stand on that top planned for 20 years with no any look at the people wishes, the regime drew the union constitution and brought the Kyant Fwant party, now the party of president U Thein Sein and set up the Min Aung Hlaing on the position of commander in- Chief of Defense of Union.  All of unfair preparation for coming election and political changes were made of desire of the former state chair man of Peace and Development Council, Senior General U Than Shwe. It was also known by entire people but they had no chance to complain or discuss about that matter- so innocents.

             The year 2010 was said not only to be the very big political transition in Burma but also to be a very terrible year remarkable in Myanmar history either acceptable or unacceptable and was a year when the Military Juntas kept their promises to reach at democracy after general election in 1990. Moreover, the 2010 was the year when the Military Regimes compensated for a massive amounts of lives of the people killed in 1990s. In 2010 in Myanmar, the most powerful union organization after Peace and Development Council of Myanmar was the Union Election Commission associated by the Commander-in Chief, Senior General Than Shwe, the former president of Union Defense with the higher position- personals of   Military Regimes. Although they announced in 2009 to hold the free and faire general election in 2010, in fact they planned to implement it according to Eleven Roadmap to Democracy designed by General Khin Nyunt in 2003 after assembly of Nyaung Nite Pin, Hmwobi Township. Eleven Roadmaps for Democracy was provided with an obstacle of other official political parties and done for their favors. It is designed that the Military Regimes can overwhelm all political activities. Despite that high magnitude Cyclone which killed 130,0000 people broke out in lower part of Myanmar- Irrawady District, the Juntas held a referendum in nationwide and the Dictatorship released that 98.12 of eligible voters had cast ballots and so the new constitution  reached at the favors of 92%48 voters. The new constitution contains the Union Election Commission law which has so many objections for Political Parties such as-NLD, international parties and other former ethnic minority parties to take place in election. Therefore, their election was regarded as the fake and fraudulent election by the people within and without.

            About four weeks before union election, the Prime Minister, U Thein Sein and his followers- ministers assigned to candidate in Election because there is an electoral Act in Chapter 2- Formation in new constitution- the leader of political parties who want to register his or her party must be a person free from personnel of Government.  No sooner U Thein Sein, the prime minister and his followers- ministers gave up their official position, then they registered for election to Union Election Commission, named as the Party of Union Solidarity and Development Party (UDSP) which is an alternative name of Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) while taking the service of Prime Minister. Total forty –two parties, though all forty-five parties submitted for registration were allowed to register by the UEC with the reason of that the de-registered parties-five are not fit to the electoral laws. In 2010, November 7, the election was held by the Union Election Commission by force of the Junta.

However, no parties could match the USDP which won 76 percents of all seats in the national and state/ regional parliaments. After election, the junta released the Daw Aung Sun Su Kyi, the leader of Myanmar Democracy from arrested and she won the Junta in 1990 election but the junta in 2010 election left a site of her by purpose.

           The Junta held the Parliament in January 31, 2011 with allowing the parties’ leaders to debate, listening to the Chair of  UEC. Then, As the people thought, Than  U Thein Swe became the president of Union of Republic of Myanmar and Min Aung Hlaing, an aggressive person, the Commander- in Chief of Defense of Union. Than Swe grouped the Union Commission for watch and advice of the Union if needed, which is above the president. Soon Then, U Than Swe gave up his official position and retired.

                       The Strikes in Myanmar & Thailand in 2010

            As in Thailand, there are two great political divisions to debate in election, so are the some armed parties in Myanmar which are against with government for democracy- all are ethnic minority groups. They had official agreement with the Government to cease fire since 1992 so they are known as ceasefire groups. The ceasefire group contained Kakhin Independent Organization, United Wa State Army, National Democratic Alliance Army, New Mon State Party, Khahin State Progressive Party, Shan State Progressive Parity( south and north), Democratic Kayin Buddhist Army, Karinni Nationalities People Liberation Front. The Juntas about two monks before election released that all of ethnic minority ceasefire group might transfer into Border Guard Force under the command of Government Army in 1^st of Septemper,2010 with no agreement of ethnic groups. Some small groups-Democratic Kayin Buddhist Army, New Democratic Army- Kakhin and Kayinni Nationalities People Liberation Front transferred but most of big groups remained disagreed. The Union Election Commission refused the main Kakhin Parties to take part in election. Therefore, tension between the Government and ethnic minority-armed group has been increased. Then, the Government broke the cease-agreement and attacked those of cease group who disagreed with them.

         2010 was said to be the worse and tumulus political competition in Thailand and about 900 people were death in Bangkok strike in 2010. Thailand is the monarchy country and the King is the most powerful one in country and he is a fair and kind one who distributed the people. However, the military intervention sometimes seems to be worse in politic not only in Thailand but also in any other country. The military of Thailand used sea-power to leave away the prime minister, Thaksin in 2006 and the court sentenced him with the guilty of corruption of evading the tax for three years in prison. Then, Abhisit Vejjajiva became the Prime ministry of Thailand exiling Thaksin. In 2008, then, the supporters of Thaksin protested wearing Red- Shirt on the appointment of Abhisit as a prime minister. In April, 2009, thousand of Red Shirt Thaksin supporters demonstrated to break up the ASEAN top level meeting. In March, 2010, the estimate amounts about ten thousands of protestors gathered in Bangkok, insisting the assignation of prime minister, Abhisit: the demonstration escalated into violence by mid- of April of 2010.

            At first, Red –Shirts begun peaceful demonstration in Bangkok but later they turned into a massive violence and led the violence of over ninety people death. They camped in central Bangkok asking for fresh election and then the government offered the negotiation but the protesters disagreed. Later, the government took the military vehicles into Bangkok and attacked the protesters to be divided. In demonstration period from April to May, estimate rate of protesters’ deaths were about over 90 people.

 Conclusion         

               I denote that in 2011 election the youngest sister of Thaksin became the first woman prime minister of Thailand as a consequence of Red-Shirt Demonstration in 2010. Anyhow, the political conflict which began in 2006 came into a end in 2011 but the natural disaster challenged the new prime minister in 2011: most of parts of Thailand including the Bangkok were affected by pick of flood. The recovering of factories sunk in flood, rehabilitation of broken households and protective plan from flood challenge the new Prime Ministry of Thailand, Mis, Yinluck Shinawatra. The expert said that the reform to Thailand flooded area and flooded factories would cost estimate about 900 billion Bahts. Anyhow, the Red-Shirts got satisfied with what they wanted to be and the opposed parties supported the prime minister wants and people wish. Unlike Thailand Parliament, the Myanmar Parliament for electing the President and any other Prime Minister and Minister ended with silence, no debate, no discussion and all of parties were led by USDP and the president also appeared from that parties and so did any other Prime Ministers of State or Regional.

                Therefore, the experienced politicians remarked that the coming election would not be a right and legislative election because the constitution of Union and Union Election Commission had been drawn as what Military Regime wanted or desired. Anyway, the Government of Myanmar with calm held such an election with no care of any one, keeping the leader of people, Daw Su in jail. Then, Union of Myanmar drove her organization by means of direction of handful persons- Military Family. But, the President challenged so many insults from inside and outside. In Myanmar in which all – economics, education, democratic policy, politics went down within 20 years of Juntas, the union battle was the worst since then and it is a thing the first the president must settle down. But, the president could not order the commander in Chief, Min Aung Hlaing to stop the attack to the ethnic minorities-groups: if he wants to get the assistance from internationals and abolish the sanction of US and Europe, he needs to negotiate with all political parties and accomplish the national peace.  Such is the great challenge to the President, U Thein Sein in Myanmar.

Reference

----Kyaw Yin Hlaing (November,2011): Political Impasse in Myanmar, Working Paper Series: No. 111

----Goel, Vaibhav ( September,2008): Capital punishment: A human right examination case study and jurisprudence

----Listening to Voices from Inside: People’s Perspectives on Myanmar’s 2010 Election

Burma Policy Briefing Nr 6, May 2011

----Burma's New Government: Prospects for Governance and Peace in Ethnic States.

----Burma’s 2010 Elections: a comprehensive report,Published by the Burma Fund UN Office, January 31, 2011; The Burma Fund‐UN Office, 777 UN Plaza, 6 th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA,Tel: +1‐212‐338‐0048, Email: burma1un@igc.org

----Union Election Commission Law:  The following is an unofficial translation of the Union Election Commission Law № 1/2010 of the SPDC. The official version is expected in due course. Only the Burmese-language version is authoritative.

(State Peace and Development Council Law No. 1/2010) 9th Waning Day of Tabaung, 1371 ME),(8 March 2010)

----Listening to Voices from Inside:Myanmar Civil Society’s Response to Cyclone Nargis, ‘Comments from interviewees, Yangon, November 2008.

----Burma Election 2010: An Election of Generals Election Summary Report Burma Parliamentary & Local Assembly Elections

----November 2010 Thai, Published by The Thai Action Committee for Democracy in Burma, 328/1 Phaya Thai Road Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.

The Development of Human Resources through Education

Panyacekka( M.Ed-EA)

 Assumption University

Bangkok;

   15, 1, 2012

Introduction

             It should be considered that when the Humanity what is called Human Resources gets started for a human being before we conceptualize what Human Resource is. Since the right for Human should be Human Resource, in religious point of view, we can say that the moment of giving a birth is the very beginning of Human Resource for a man. But, in educational point to view, the beginning of Human Resource for a man is when he/ she goes to school.

          School age is the time we can understand the basic nature of our human environment.  That is why; we would have to study basic education at school.  For school age is prescribed fifth / sixth year old-age of a person, distinct from one country to another, it can be said that the youth of fifth year is an enough age to understand basic education.  The time when we learn literally the Human Resource is when we follow the education at school.  In accordance with the qualities, abilities and resources gained from school, we manage our lives to be a general worker, a professor, a chief-legitimate, a primary minister and a president of union. These abilities of a man are the real human resources. We can literally and practically earn such abilities or qualities from educational centers such a school, college and university. The environment of a student -such as parents, teachers and students what is called stakeholders, therefore, is essential parts in development of human resources or the obtaining of criteria human outcomes. Especially, the environment to which a student directly relates is Parents and Teachers. To increase the abilities of a student, the two major stakeholders- teacher and parents play a very important role in basic education sector.

               The three educational pillars- curriculum, teaching and learning are more vital for a student to gain the competent and modernized resources. Although the teaching is only concerned with teachers, in reality the learning is concerned with teachers as well as students.

           Teachers

           We could not say that the teachers do not need to learn because of instructors but they also have responsibilities to learn their concern subjects in order to be taught by modern and systematic teaching ways. Because the teacher has the right to select the subject area they will instruct as they wish, they have accountability to teach by very smart teaching approaches. They are therefore in need to learn more clear and effective teaching methods. As a university lecturer or tutor, they must urgently learn to get a rank of wider knowledge to teach the modern theory and concept of their instructed subjects. In fact, the learning must more be done by the teachers than students. The teacher needs to make preparations for teaching – such as learning, noting and effort for comprehending the courses before coming to class. The teacher always need to mind to give the students the open-end which gives the right to the students to have warm interaction with teachers. There must not be a model of teachers that scares the students but articulates the student communication with teacher frankly. In reading passage, the teacher must test the student comprehension, asked question. While in letting student read passage, the teachers must point out key words in passage that betrays the main idea and explain how to read to get main source. One simple for reading is TOEFL English Test: in TOEFL test, the students have to attempt to grasp the key word in passage to know the main idea of writer. This is very essential method for comprehension. In order to read such and think effectively, the students should be trained with concerning text books.

Teaching and learning

             Teaching model is not beyond the students’ understanding level. Mainly, teaching model must be designed that students can easily understand and be instructed to learn with motivated mind. The teachers should use the teaching model to stimulate the students’ curiosity or talents for further learning. There must be interaction between the teachers and students and more then instruction passively; the teacher should guide the student to increase the learning motivation which is one of goal of education. The teachers should use group discussion learning and teaching style and service learning style. The difficult subjects such as mathematic by question and answer style, the empirical subjects such as- science by group working style, the social subjects such as history and geography by presentation style should be taught. The history is not to be memorized but to know the events, making a note the year when the events occurred. In fact, any subjects must be beyond by heart learning but just to be comprehended and to be written down as they understand.  These concepts are driven in class room.

Parents

             Because of basic education level, it is crucial for student to learn with not tired the theory of each subject and know how to apply in daily life. According Orenstein’s research, to increase students’ outcome, the parents take part in important roles. The parents must take a responsibility for managing the works of the students.  The student outcomes may differentiate each of students dependent on parents’ well-management and preparation for students. The parents must well manage and fix the time for the students- the time for playing, the time for studying and the time for taking rest. In addition, the parents need to make ready everything for students to go to school freely without stress for something such as –book, pen, ruler and eraser and so on. The research of Orenstein indicated that there can be quite difference of student outcomes between those students whose parents are educated and those students whose parents are not because the uneducated parents do not know how to manage the student life and they try to spend the individual’ right of a student on their family duties or works. If so, if the students are well-organized, the students of uneducated parents and that of educated parents would not differentiate in their outcomes.

Teachers’ attitudes

      Since it is said that the potential of development of Human Resources are in hand of teachers, I feel that the interaction between teachers and students or the attitudes of Teachers toward the students is pivotal. The educational Research demonstrated that the teachers to make the progress of students’ efficiencies or 21^st century skills must have the following attitudes:

1.     Caring and kind

2.     Knowing responsibility for taken

3.     Having the sense of accepting different culture of students

4.     Increasing in power of self-instruction

5.     Encouraging the student to create the new thing

These are the features of becoming an effective teacher.

Caring and Kind:  it means to understand the interests and need of students. Following the students to teachers’ need or aspiration terribly impact to stimulation of students. Therefore, the teacher must take care of students’ desire and be kind to students.

Knowing responsibility for taken: it means the teachers must know their responsibility to be charged for students. The teachers do not make own use of the time spent for students’ learning time and do not charge the students any school works in their free time. It further means that the teacher must teach in teaching time; do not waste it for any job. The right of students is to learn in learning time and play in free time.

Having the sense of accepting different culture of students; it means avoiding the discrimination of student according to religion, sex, race, national citizen and culture. The students must have equal right in class room- do not treat like a “this is my son, my relative, my religionist and my citizen”.

Increasing in power of self-instruction; it means to change the teaching model into more effective model to increase the student’s comprehension. The teachers need to check the strength of and weakness of their teaching and receive the feedback from students’ report.

Encouraging the student to create the new thing; it is more important one because it is one of measuring the educational standard of a union. This stage impacts the development of a country and non-development of a country. The distinction in development between the West and the East is surely based on educational standard.  The free thinking and stimulating the interest of students is a main objective of education- it is gained in democratic education. The students are given the guidance to think the source either in reading or writing or working out. For example, in passage of rabbit and tortoise, the teacher should talk brief story thus; “in race, the tortoise although slow win and the rabbit although quick loose”. It is quite enough for the student to remember the story. But the teachers need to express the focused-idea of writer so that the students enlarge their idea by themselves. In that story, the writer wants to explore the students’ ethic- the result of great alertness and that of laziness. This focused –idea must be put into students’ thinking. And, the students must be asked questions why the tortoise loses and why the rabbit wins. Such a question develops the students’ thinking power and ethical knowledge.

Conclusion

   That is why; the harmonious effort of stakeholders- students and teachers by hand in hand are crucial to develop the Human Resources. My understanding of Education is that education is the sense gained through learning and applied methods used in daily life. Only if we can implement the needs of student, we can accomplish the needs of human society and live up to our expectations- equal right.  Let’s train the students to be good citizens for union through education.

Reference

Ornstein & Levine by Allan(2008): The Foundation of Education.

Gourneau, Bonni: Five Attitudes of Effective Teachers; Implication for Teacher Training, University of North Dakota, USA. http://www.usca.edu/essays/vol132005/gourneau.pdf

Panyacekka(14,Sep, 2011) : Current Educational Issues in Myanmar:  Final Examination Paper submitted to Graduate School of Education of Assumption University, Bangkok.

Tileston, Down Walker (2005): 10 Best Teaching Practices- How Brain Research, Learning Style and standards Define Teaching Competencies, Corwin Press,Calfornia-91320, US.

        

လူ႕အရင္းျမစ္ ႏွင့္ ပညာေရး

လူသားတရပ္လံုး၏ ၾကီးပြားတိုးတက္ေရးသည္ လူ႕အရင္အရင္းျမစ္မ်ားေမြးျမဴေရးတြင္အေျခတည္ေနေလသည္။ လူသားတို႕၏အရင္ျမစ္ကို ဘယ္ပံုဘယ္နည္းေမြးျမဴရမလဲ ဆိုေသာေမးခြန္းသည္ အေရးပါလာသည္။ ၄င္းေမးခြန္းကိုမေျဖခင္ လူသားတေယာက္အတြက္ လူသားအရင္းျမစ္ဘယ္ခ်ိန္စတင္လဲ ဆိုေသာအခ်က္သည္ ပထမ စဥ္းစားစရာျဖစ္လာသည္။  

                                 ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္လူသားတေယာက္၏ အခြင့္ေရးသည္ပင္ လူသားတေယာက္၏အရင္းျမစ္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဘာသာေရးရွဳေထာင့္ကၾကည့္လွ်င္ ေလာကသို႕ စတင္၀င္ေရာက္လာေသာအခ်ိန္စတင္ျပီး လူသားအရင္းျမစ္စတင္သည္ ဟုေျပာနုိင္သည္။ လူဆုိကတည္းက ဖန္တီရွင္( သို႕မဟုတ္) ကံရွင္၊ ဥာဏ္ရွင္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္တည္း။ သို႕ေသာ္ ပညာေရးနယ္ပယ္ကၾကည့္လွ်င္ လူသားတေယာက္၏ လူ႕အရင္းျမစ္သည္ ေက်ာင္းတက္စအရြယ္ကတည္းက စတင္သည္ ဟုဆိုနုိင္သည္။ ထုိအခ်ိန္သည္ လူ႔ဘ၀၏ပတ္၀န္းက်င္အေျခခံသေဘာကို နားလည္နို္င္ေသာ အရြယ္လည္းျဖစ္သည္။ သို႕ေၾကာင့္သာ အေျခခံပညာကို စတင္သင္ယူနုိင္ျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ျမန္မာနုိ္င္ငံ၌ ေက်ာင္းေနအရြယ္ကို ၅  ႏွစ္အရြယ္သတ္မွတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အေျခခံသေဘာကို နားလည္နို္င္ေသာ စြမ္းရည္ကို စတင္ပိုင္ဆိုင္ေသာ အရြယ္သည္၅ ႏွစ္အရြယ္ျဖစ္သည္ဟု ဆိုနို္င္သည္။

    ပညာေရးဒႆနပညာရွင္ ဆုိကေရးတီး

                 မည္သို႕ဆိုေစထိုအခ်ိန္ကိုပင္ လူတေယာက္၏လူအရင္းျမစ္စတင္ျပဳစုပ်ိဳးေထာင္ခ်ိန္ ဟု ဆိုနို္င္သည္။ တကယ့္တကယ္မာလည္း လူ႕အရင္းျမစ္ကိုစာေတြ႕အားျဖင့္ ေလ့လာေသာအခ်ိန္သည္ ေက်ာင္းပညာေရးကိုလုိက္စားေနေသာအခ်ိန္ျဖစ္သည္။ ၄င္းမွရရွိေသာ လူအရင္းျမစ္၏ အဆင့္၊ အရည္အေသြးအားေလွ်ာ္စြာ လူတေယာက္သည္ မိမိဘ၀ကိုဖန္တိီတတ္သည္။ လက္လုပ္လက္စားအဆင့္မစ၍ တကၠသိုလ္ပါေမာကၡ၊ တရားသူၾကီးခ်ဳပ္၊ ဥပေဒျပဳအမတ္၊ ၀န္ၾကီးခ်ဳပ္နန္႕ သမၼတထိ ျဖစ္နုိင္ေသာ အရည္ေသြးမ်ားသည္ လူသားတေယာက္၏အရင္းျမစ္မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။ ထိုအရင္းအျမစ္ကို သင္တန္းေက်ာင္း၊ စာသင္ေက်ာင္း နွင့္ တကၠသိုလ္စေသာ ပညာသင္ယူရာဌာနမ်ားမွ လက္ေတြ႕၊ စာေတြ႕အားျဖင့္ရယူနိုင္သည္။ သုိ႕တြက္ေၾကာင့္သာ စံရွိေသာ အရည္ေသြးကို ပိုင္ဆိုင္နို္င္ဖို႕( သို႕မဟုတ္) လူ႕အရင္ျမစ္ကိုျမွင့္တင္ဖို႕တာ၀န္ရွိေသာ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ားမာ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္၏ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္၏ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ဆိုသည္မာ- ၁) မိဘ၊ ၂) ဆရာ၊မ ၊၃) ေက်ာင္းသားအခ်င္းခ်င္း ပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဆရာ-ဆရာမမ်ား ဆုိတဲ့ေနရာမာ ပညာသင္ဌာနကို အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ေသာ အက္ဒမင္ နွင့္ ယင္းထက္ ပါ၀ါရွိေသာ လူမ်ားလည္းပါ၀င္ပါသည္။ တိုက္ရိုက္ထိေတြ႕နိုင္ေသာ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္၏ပတ္၀န္းက်င္မာ ဆရာ-မ ႏွင့္ မိဘမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္သည္။

         အဲဒီ Stakeholders မ်ားက ေသေသခ်ာခ်ာ လမ္းညြန္နို္င္မွ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္သည္ ရည္အေသြးမ်ားတက္လာနိုင္သည္။ သုိ႕ေၾကာင့္ လူအရင္းျမစ္ကိုျမွင့္တင္ရန္ မိဘ၊ ဆရာ-မ မ်ားနွင့္ ၾကီးၾကပ္သူမ်ားက စနစ္တက်ကိုင္တြယ္ေျဖရွင္းတတ္ဖို႕အေရးၾကီးသည္။ လုံေလာက္ေသာ၊ ေခတ္မွီေသာ အရင္းျမစ္မ်ားကိုရရွိနို္င္ဖို႕ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္အတြက္ ေက်ာင္း၌ျပ႒ာန္းထားေသာ သင္ရို႕ညြန္တမ္း ျပ႒ာန္းစာ ႏွင့္ ဆရာ-မ မ်ား၏ သင္ၾကားမွဳ၊ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏သင္ယူမွဳ ဟူေသာ ပညာေရးမ႑ိဳင္မ်ားမွာ အထူးအေရးၾကီးသည္။ ျမန္မာနုိ္င္ငံ၌ျပ႒ာန္းထားေသာသင္ရိုးကို မေျပာလိုေသာ္လည္း သင္ၾကားမွဳႏွင့္ သင္ယူမွဳ ကိုေတာ့ေျပာရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ သင္ၾကားမွဳသည္ ဆရာနဲ႕သာ ဆုိင္သည္ဟုဆိုနုိင္ေသာ္လည္း သင္ယူမွဳကား ဆရာ- ေက်ာင္းသား ႏွစ္ဦးႏွစ္ဖက္လံုးနဲ႕သက္ဆိုင္သည္။ သင္ၾကားမွဳပံုစံ( Teaching Model )သည္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားနားလည္နို္င္ေသာအဆင့္ကိုမေက်ာ္လြန္ရပါ။ ဆိုလိုသည္မာ- ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏ အေျခအေနကိုၾကည့္၍ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားနားလည္နိုင္ေသာ နည္းစနစ္ျဖင့္ သင္ျပေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအေနျဖင့္လည္း စူးစမ္းေသာစိတ္ထာျဖင့္ ေလ့လာမွတ္သားရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ထိုသို႕ စူးစမ္းခ်င္ေအာင္ ဆရာ-မ မ်ားက တည့္မတ္ေပးရမည္၊ လမ္းညြန္ေပးရမည္။ သင္ျပသူ ႏွင့္သင္ယူသူမ်ားအၾကား ရင္းႏွီးေသာဆက္ဆံမွဳ၊ ပြင့္လင္းေသာကူလူးဆက္ဆံမွဳ(interaction) ရွိရမည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို သင္ၾကားပို႕ခ်ျခင္းထက္ သူ႕တို႕ေတြကို သင္ယူခ်င္စိတ္(motivation) ေပၚလာေအာင္ လမ္းေၾကာင္းထြင္ေပးရမည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို အုပ္စုလို္က္ေဆြးေႏြးေစျခင္း( Group Discussion) ႏွင့္ ဘာသာရပ္တခုကို ပိုမိုနားလည္ေအာင္ အသံုးခ်သင္ယူမွဳ( Service Learning) စနစ္ကိုသံုးျခင့္ျဖင့္ သင္ျပေပးရမည္။ ခက္ခဲေသာ သခ်ၤာဘာသာကဲ့သို႕ေသာ ဘာသာရပ္မ်ားကို Socratic Method ဟုေခၚေသာ အျပန္အလွန္ေမးျမန္းျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ သိပၸံကဲ့သို႕ေသာ လက္ေတြ႕ဆန္ေသာ ဘာသာရမ်ားကို Service Learning ဟုေခၚေသာ လက္ေတြ႕ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း( သို႕မဟုတ္) အုပ္စုလိုက္အလုပ္လုပ္ေစျခင္းျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊ ပထ၀ီ၊ သမိုင္း၊ ျမန္မာစာ စေသာ လူမွဳေရးဘာသာရပ္မ်ားကို ပိြဳင့္ေပးလွ်က္ တအုပ္စုခ်င္း ေျပာၾကားေစျခင္း( Presentation) ျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း သင္ျပေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ သမိုင္းဘာသာရပ္မ်ားမွာ အလြတ္က်က္မွတ္ရန္မဟုတ္ဘဲ ခုႏွစ္သကၠရာဇ္မ်ားကို မွတ္သားလွ်က္ အေၾကာင္းအရာကို သိထားရံုေလ့လာရန္ျဖစ္သည္။ မည့္သည္ဘာသာရပ္ကိုမဆို အလြတ္က်က္မွတ္နည္းကိုေက်ာ္၍ သေဘာေပါက္ရံု၊ သေဘာေပါက္သည္အားေလွ်ာ္စာ ျပန္ေရးခ်နိုင္ရံုနွင့္ လက္ေတြ႕ဘ၀တြင္အသံုးခ်ပံုမ်ားကို ေက်ာင္းစာသင္ခန္း၌ လမ္းညြန္ရံုသာျဖစ္သည္။                   

                                    အေျခခံပညာဆိုကတည္းက ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို မပင္ပန္းေစပဲ ဘာသာရပ္တခု၏ အေျခခံသီအိုရီ နွင့္ လက္ေတြ႕ အသံုးခ်ပံုကို သိေစဖို႕က အေရးၾကီးသည္။ ေအာ္စတင္၏ သုေတသနျပဳခ်က္အရ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအရည္အခ်င္းတိုးျမင့္ဖို႕ရန္မွာ မိဘမ်ားသည္လည္း အဓိက အခန္းကပါ၀င္ေလသည္။ မိဘမ်ားသည္ သားသမီးမ်ားကို စီမံခန္႕ခြဲေပးနိုင္ဖို႕အေရးၾကီးသည္။ မိဘမ်ား၏ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအတြက္ၾကိဳတင္ပ်င္ဆင္မွဳမ်ား အားေလွ်ာ္စြာ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏အရည္အေသြးမ်ားကြာျခားနိုင္သည္။ သားသမီမ်ား၏ ကစားခ်ိန္၊ ေက်ာင္းလားခ်ိန္၊ စာလုပ္ခ်ိန္ နွင့္ အနားယူခ်ိန္တို႕ကို မိဘမ်ားက ေသခ်ာေအာင္ စီမံေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေအာ္စတင္၏သုေတသနျပဳခ်က္အရ ပညာတတ္ေသာ မိဘ၏သားသမီမ်ားႏွင့္ ပညာမတတ္ေသာသားသမီမ်ား၏ ေက်ာင္းစာအရည္အခ်င္းသည္ ကြာျခားတတ္သည္။ ဘာေၾကာင့္လည္းဆိုေတာ့ ပညာမတတ္ေသာမိဘမ်ားက သားသမီမ်ားကို ေကာင္းေကာင္းမြန္မြန္ မစီမံမခန္႕ခြဲနိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္လည္ေကာင္း၊ ေက်ာင္းသားတေယာက္၏ အခြင့္အေရးကို မိသားစုအတြက္ အသံုးျပဳေသာေၾကာင့္လည္းေကာင္းျဖစ္သည္။ သို႕ဆိုလွ်င္ သားသမီးမ်ားကို စနစ္တက်စီမံေပးလိုက္လွ်င္ ပညာတတ္ေသာမိဘ သားသမီး၊ ပညာမတတ္ေသာ မိဘသားသမီးမ်ား အရည္အခ်င္းကြာဟမွဳရွိနိုင္မည္မဟုတ္ပါ။ ဒါေတြက မိဘမ်ားသိထားရမည့္အပိုင္းျဖစ္သည္။

ဆရာ-မ မ်ားသည္လည္း အထူးအေရးပါသည္ကို ေျပာစရာမလုိပါ။ ဆရာ-မ မ်ားသည္လည္း သင္ျပသူမ်ားျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ေလ့လာစရာမလိုဟု မဆိုနိုင္ေပ။ မိမိသင္ယူမည့္ဘာသာရပ္မ်ားကို ေခတ္နန္႕ညီေအာင္ေလ့လာရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ျပ႒ာန္းစာကို မေျပာင္းနုိင္ေသာ္လည္း သင္ျပမွဳစနစ္မ်ားကို မိမိစိတ္ၾကိဳက္ေရြးခ်ယ္နို္င္ခြင့္သည္ ဆရာ-မမ်ား၌ရွိသည္။ ေခတ္မွီေသာ၊ တနည္းအားျဖင့္ တိုေတာင္း၍ ပိုရွင္းေသာ သင္ျပမွဳမ်ားကိုအျမဲမျပတ္ေလ့သာရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ တကၠသိုလ္ ဆရာ-မမ်ား အဖို႕ကား- ကိုယ္ကိုင္တြယ္ေသာ ဘာသာရပ္၏ ေခတ္ေပၚအေတြးေခၚ- အယူအဆမ်ားကို အျမဲေလ့လာရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ စင္စစ္အားျဖင့္ သင္ယူမွဳကို ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားထက္ ဆရာ-မ မ်ားက ပို၍လုပ္သင့္သည္။ ေလ့လာျခင္း၊ မွတ္သားျခင္း၊ နားလည္ေအာင္အားထုပ္ျခင္း စေသာ သင္ယူျခင္းမ်ားကို စာသင္ခန္းမ၀င္မီလုပ္ရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို အခြင့္ေရးေပးေသာ( open-end) စနစ္ကို ေက်ာင္းဆရာ-မမ်ား အျမဲသတိထားရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ စာပိုဒ္မ်ားကိုဖတ္ေစရာ၌ ေက်ာင္းသားတဦးခ်င္း၏ နားလည္မွဳကို ေမးျမန္းရမည္ ၊ ထိုသုိ႕ ဆိုလုိရင္းကိုနားလည္ေအာင္ စာပိုဒ္ဖတ္ပံု- အဓိက စကားလံုးမ်ား( Key word) ကိုနားလည္ေအာင္ ဖတ္နည္းမ်ားကို သင္ေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ နုိင္ငံတကာအဆင့္ရွိေသာ အဂၤလိပ္စာစာေမးပြဲ တိုေဖစာေမးပြဲ၌ ယင္းသို႕ စာပိုဒ္တပိုဒ္ခ်င္း၏ စာေရးဆရာအာေဘာ္မ်ားကို နားလည္ေအာင္ေလ့လာရသည္။ အလြန္အေရးပါေသာ စာဖတ္နည္းပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ ယင္းသို႕ဖတ္တတ္ေအာင္၊ ေတြးေခၚတတ္ေအာင္- ေက်ာင္းသားအရြယ္ကပင္ ဆိုင္ရာဖတ္စာအုပ္ မ်ားျဖင့္တြဲ၍သင္ေပးသင့္သည္။

                                   လူသားအရင္းအျမစ္တခုလံုးသည္ ဆရာ-မမ်ားလက္ထဲ၌ရွိသည္ဟုဆိုနိုင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဆရာ-မမ်ားနွင့္ ေက်ာင္းသူ၊သားမ်ား၏ ဆက္ဆံေရ( သို႕မဟုတ္) ဆရာ-မမ်ား၏ေက်ာင္းသား၊သူမ်ားအေပၚထားေသာ သေဘာထားသည္အလြန္အေရးပါလွသည္။ ဆရာ-မ မ်ားသည္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏အရည္အခ်င္းကိုတိုးပြားေစရန္ေအာက္ပါသေဘာထားမ်ားျဖင့္ျပည့္စံုရမည္ျဖစ္သည္၊ ၁) ဂရုစိုက္မွဳ ႏွင့္ အၾကင္နားတရား၊ ၂) တာ၀န္ကိုအသံုခ်ျခင္း၊ ၃) မတူညီေသာ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားစရိတ္ကိုလက္ခံနိုင္ေသာ အသိတရား၊ ၄) ကိုယ္ပိုင္သင္ျပမွဳကို ျမွင့္တင္ျခင္း၊ ၅) ဖန္တီတတ္ေအာင္တိုက္တြန္းေပးျခင္းတို႕ျဖစ္သည္။ ဒီအခ်က္လက္မ်ားသည္ ဆရာေကာင္းတေယာက္ျဖစ္ေစေသာအခ်က္လက္ သေဘာထား( Effective Teacher Attitudes) မ်ားျဖစ္သည္။

                             ဂရုစိုက္မွဳ ဆိုသည္မာ- ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏ လိုအပ္ခ်က္(needs)ႏွင့္ စိတ္၀င္စားမွဳ( interests) မ်ားကိုနာလည္ရန္ျဖစ္သည္။ မိမိအလိုသို႕ခ်ည္း လိုက္ေစေသာ စနစ္သည္ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏ တက္ၾကြမွဳ( stimulation)ကိုထိခို္က္ေစသည္။ ထိုသို႕ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို ဂရုစိုက္နိုင္ေအာင္ အၾကင္နာတရားထားတတ္ရမည္။ ကိုယ္ခ်င္းစာတတ္ရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ၄င္းသည္ပင္ အၾကင္နာတရား( kindness)ကိုေဖာ္ျပျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ တာ၀န္ကိုအသံုးခ်ျခင္းဆိုသည္မာ- မိမိတာ၀န္ကို သိရမည္ျဖစ္သည္- ေက်ာင္းျပခ်ိန္၌ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အေရးကိစၥမ်ားကိုေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကို အလုပ္ခိုင္းျခင္းမ်ားမွ ေရွာင္ရွားျခင္းကိုဆိုလိုသည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား၏အခြင့္အေရးမာ စာသင္ခ်ိန္၌စာသင့္ခြင့္ရေရး ႏွင့္ နားခ်ိန္၌အနားရျခင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ထိုအခ်က္ကို ဆရာ-မမ်ားသေဘာေပါက္မွဳကိုဆိုလိုသည္။

                          မတူညီေသာ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားစရိတ္ကိုလက္ခံနိုင္ေသာ အသိတရားဟူသည္မွာ- အဆင့္အတန္းမတူ၊ ဘာသာမတူ၊ လူမ်ိဳးမတူေသာ ေက်ာင္းသားအားလံုးကို ေက်ာင္းသားဆိုသည္ထက္ ငါ့သား ငါ့မိတ္ေဆြသား ငါ့လူမ်ိဳးသား ငါ့ဘာသာသား ဟူ၍မခြဲျခားရ ေက်ာင္းသားအခ်င္းခ်င္းရပိုင္ခြင့္တူညီရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ( စာေရးသူသည္ မူလတန္း၌ ပညာသင္ၾကားစဥ္ ဆရာမ၏က်ဴရွင္ကို မတက္ေသာေၾကာင့္ စာေမးသည္ကို မ်က္ကြယ္ျပဳခံရဘူးသည္)။  ထိုကဲ့ေသာသို႕လုပ္ရပ္မ်ားကို ဆရာ-မမ်ားေရွာင္ရွားရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ကိုယ္ပိုင္သင္ျပမွဳကိုျမွင့္တင္ျခင္းဟူသည္မွာ- သင္ျပမွဳစနစ္မ်ားကို ပိုျပီးအက်ိဳးရွိေသာ ထိေရာက္ေသာစနစ္မ်ားျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေျပာင္းလႊဲသင္ျပျခင္းကိုဆိုလိုသည္။ ဆရာ-မမ်ားသည္ မိမိသည္ျပမွဳမ်ား ဘယ္ေလာက္ထိေရာက္သည္- အားနည္းသည္ကို ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားကိုစစ္တမ္းေကာက္ျခင္း(သို႕မဟုတ္) တုန္႕ျပန္မွဳရလာဒ္(feedback) မ်ားကိုၾကည့္ျခင္းျဖင့္သိရမည္။ ေနာက္ဆံုးျဖစ္ေသာ ဖန္တီတတ္ေအာင္သင္ျပျခင္းကား ပို၍အေရးၾကီးေသာအပိုင္းျဖစ္သည္။ ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ား စာဖတ္အား၌ျဖစ္ေစ၊ မွတ္အား၌ျဖစ္ေစ၊ ေတြးေတာအား၌ျဖစ္ေစ ကိုယ္ပိုင္အသံုးခ်တတ္ေအာင္လမ္းညြန္ေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ နားလည္ေသာ အရာမ်ားကို ထိုထက္ေတြးေတာနိုင္ေအာင္ ဖန္တီေပးတတ္ရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဥပမာ- ယံု နွင့္ လိပ္ စာပိုဒ္ၾကီး၌ စာပိုဒ္ၾကီးတခုလံုးကို အာဂုဏ္ေဆာင္ခိုင္းျခင္းထက္- ယံုနွင့္လိပ္ အေျပးျပိဳင္ရာ ယံုသည္ အေျပးသန္ေသာ္လည္း ပန္တိုင္သို႕မေရာက္ပဲ တလွမ္းခ်င္လားေသာ လိပ္သည္သာ ပန္း၀င္သြားေၾကာင္းကို အတိုခ်ဳပ္ေျပာ၍၊ ထုိထက္ေတြးေတာနုိ္င္ေအာင္ သင္ေပးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ စာေရးဆရာက ပ်င္းရိျခင္း၏ ဆိုးက်ိဳးနန္႕ ၀ီရိယ၏ရလာဒ္ကိုဆိုလိုခ်င္သည္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ထိုအခ်က္ကို ေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအား ေမးခြန္းထုပ္လွ်က္- ဘာေၾကာင့္ လိပ္သည္ပန္း၀င္၍ ယံုသည္ရွံဳးရသနည္း၊ ပ်င္းရိျခင္းသည္ လူတဦး၏စြန္းရည္ကို တိုးတက္ေစသလား -စေသာ အေတြးေခၚဆန္ေသာ ( Comprehensive Question/ creative thinking) ေမးခြန္းမ်ားကို ေမးရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။

                         သုိ႕ျဖစ္၍ မိဘ၊ ေက်ာင္းသားႏွင့္ ဆရာ-မမ်ားသည္ လူအရင္ျမစ္ျမွင့္တင္းေရးလုပ္ငန္း (သို႕မဟုတ္) ပညာေရးရည္မွန္းခ်က္ကို အေကာင္ထည္ေဖာ္ေဆာင္ရာတြင္အေရးပါလွေသာေၾကာင့္အားလံုးဘက္ညီညီအလုပ္လုပ္နုိင္ဖို႕အေရးၾကီးသည္ဟုဆိုခ်င္သည္။ စာေရးသူနားလည္ေသာပညာေရး၏ အဓိပၸါယ္မာ သင္ယူဆည္းပူးျခင္းျဖင့္ရအပ္ေသာ အသိတရား( သို႕မဟုတ္) လက္ေတြ႕ဘ၀၌အသံုးခ်နိုင္ေသာ နည္းစနစ္မ်ားကိုေလ့လာျခင္း ဟူ၍ျဖစ္သည္။ ထိုသို႕ျဖစ္နိုင္မွ လူသားတို႕၏အရည္အသြီး၊ဘ၀ ရည္မွန္းခ်က္ၾကီးသည္ ျပီးျပည့္စံုနိုင္မည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ပညာေရးကိုအေျခခံလွ်က္ အမ်ိဳးဘာသာ၊ သသနာအတြက္ အလုပ္လုပ္နို္င္ေသာသားေကာင္း၊ သမီးေကာင္းမ်ားျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေမြးထုတ္ေပးၾကပါစို႕။

                                                         ေမာင္စကၠ( M.Ed-EA-1^st Yr ၊ ဘန္ေကာက္)

                                                                         4/1/2012.

က်မ္းညြန္း

Ornstein & Levine (2008): The Foundation of Education; edited by Allan

Gourneau, Bonni: Five Attitudes of Effective Teachers; Implication for Teacher Training, University of North Dakota, USA. http://www.usca.edu/essays/vol132005/gourneau.pdf

Panyacekka(14,Sep, 2011) : Current Educational Issues in Myanmar:  Final Examination Paper submitted to Graduate School of Education of Assumption University, Bangkok.

Tileston, Down Walker (2005): 10 Best Teaching Practices- How Brain Research, Learning Style and standards Define Teaching Competencies, Corwin Press,Calfornia-91320, US.